Thèse de doctorat en Sciences criminelles
Sous la direction de Jean-Claude Soyer.
Soutenue en 1991
à Paris 2 .
En vingt ans, la criminalite a plus que double malgre plusieurs facteurs de tassements statistiques. Les politiques de prevention mises en oeuvre pendant la meme periode n'ont pas pu endiguer cette evolution. Il en va de meme pour la prevention policiere. Par ailleurs tres utile sur un plan social (notamment l'ilotage). Depuis 1985, sans renoncer a la prevention, les pouvoirs publics ont entendu ameliorer les taux d'elucidation des crimes et delits : la loi de modernisation de la ploice allait dans ce sens, comme les ajustements proceduraux en matiere de competence. Les progres de la police technique et scientifique et de l'informatique sont reels. D'autres evolutions favorisant l'activite de police judiciaire des commissariats sont intervenues : essor quantitatif et qualitatif du recrutement, developpement de la formation, extension des qualites d'officier et d'agent de police judiciaire. Pourtant les taux d'elucidation des crimes et delits sont en stagnation ou en recul. Cela peut s'expliquer par les evolutions negatives enregistrees : baisse du potentiel horaire de travail des policiers, interferences avec la gendarmerie et avec les polices municipales, developpement des entraves a l'action de police judiciaire par certains individus, restriction des possibilites d'interpellation initiale par les policiers, surtout pour les controles d'identite. Enfin, la motivation des fonctionnaires de police est en recul, a cause de l'accroissement des violences a agents, insuffisamment reprimees, et de l'erosion des peines sanctionnant les crimes et delits, a leur prononce et leors de leur execution. Le retour a une rigueur accrue dans les sanctions neutraliserait plus de multirecidivistes et pourrait seule inverser les courbes de la criminalite.
The judicial police activity by police station. ( evolution between 1981 and 1985 )
Criminality has increased more than twice for the last twenty years, in spite of several factors of statistical consolidations. The preventive measures which were used for the same time could not stop this evolution. It is the same thing for the police-prevention, socially very useful for that matter, especially "l'ilotage" (policiemen supervising a certain block of houses). Since nineties eighty five, without giving up prevention, the authorities have wanted to improve the rates of elucidation of crimes and offences : the law about police-modernization went in this direction as well as the adjustements of the procedure about competence. Improvements in the technical and scientific police, and in computer-science are actual. Other evolutions encouraging the judicial police action of the police-stations took place a rise in quantity and quality of the recruitment, a development of the training, an extension of judicial capacities for police officers and police constables. However, the rates of elucidation of crimes and offences come to a standstill or are lowering. That may be explained by the negative evolution which were recordered : the reduction of the policemen's hourly potentiality of work, the interference with the state-police force and with the municipal polices, the increasing impediments against the judicial police action by some persons, the limitation of a possibility of an initial interpellation by the policemen, especially for identification controls. At last, the police staff's motivation is lowering on account of the increase of violences on policemen, insufficiently repressed, and of the erosion of the penalties punishing crimes and offences, at the verdict and when they are carried out. A come-back to an increased severity of penalties would neutralize more multirecidivists and would be the only way of inverting the criminality graphs.