Thèse soutenue

FR
Auteur / Autrice : Michèle Desjardins
Direction : Habib BenaliFrédéric Lesage
Type : Thèse de doctorat
Discipline(s) : Informatique
Date : Soutenance en 2013
Etablissement(s) : Paris 6 en cotutelle avec Polytechnique Montréal (Québec, Canada)

Mots clés

FR

Résumé

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Several decades of research have demonstrated that aging affects a multitude of components in the brain. In particular, evidence is accumulating on the relation between brain function and vascular health, including cerebral blood flow (CBF), which decreases with age, and cardiopulmonary health which could correlate with cognitive performance according to some studies. Several brain imaging techniques commonly used in research, such as the blood oxygenation level dependent signal in magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-MRI), are based on the vascular correlates of neural activity. This makes them suitable tools for the study of the vascular effects of aging, which directly influence the measured signals. This thesis used several imaging modalities based on hemodynamics to study the effects of aging on the brain at different spatial scales, in humans and in an animal model, the rat. Initially, two-photon microscopy was used to measure the velocity of red blood cells (RBCs), the diameter and the density of capillaries and the local hematocrit in nearly 1000 capillaries in 12 young (3 months-old) and 12 aged anesthetized Long-Evans rats (24 months-old). We measured higher RBCs velocity and diameter in the capillaries of aged rats (by 48 and 7 % respectively), while the hematocrit and volumetric capillary density were lower (by 32 and 20 %). These results suggest that the decrease in CBF with age is due primarily to a decrease in vascular density. Second, MRI and time-resolved spectroscopy were used to measure the CBF, oxygenation (sO2) and total hemoglobin concentration (HbT) in the brains of young (18-30 years-old) and elderly (62-72 years-old) humans, in addition to the response to a cognitive Stroop task in terms of BOLD and CBF. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by a VO2max test. In the left prefrontal cortex activated by the Stroop task, we measured lower values of CBF (by 19%), sO2 (by 6%) and HbT (by 21%) in the elderly. In the older group, measures of sO2 were correlated with Stroop task cognitive performance and with VO2max, while CBF and HbT were not. These results suggest a protective effect of physical activity on cognitive health in aging, mediated by an improvement in cerebral oxygenation. Finally, the same groups of young and old rats were subjected to a vasodilating stimulus, hypercapnia, for measuring the hemodynamic response with several imaging modalities. The data demonstrated a decrease in the hemodynamic response to hypercapnia in terms of CBF, HbT and HbO (oxygenated hemoglobin) in aged rats, suggesting decreased vascular reactivity.