Tectonique de l'Ouest des Bétiques : de l'exhumation du manteau en contexte extensif au chevauchement vers l'ouest

Tectonics of the Western Betics : from mantle extensional exhumation to westward thrusting

• Auteur / Autrice : Gianluca Frasca
• Direction : Frédéric Gueydan, Jean-Pierre Brun
• Type : Thèse de doctorat
• Discipline(s) : Sciences de la terre
• Date : Soutenance le 15/07/2015
• Etablissement(s) : Rennes 1
• Ecole(s) doctorale(s) : École doctorale Sciences de la matière (Rennes ; 1996-2016)
• Partenaire(s) de recherche : Laboratoire : Géosciences (Rennes)
• Partenaire(s) de recherche : PRES : Université européenne de Bretagne (2007-2016)

Mots clés

Mots clés contrôlés

Bétiques, Cordillères (Espagne)

Tectonique

Mots clés libres

Décrochements

Exhumation du manteau

Fusion partielle

Déchirure du panneau

Chevauchement

Résumé

De nouvelles données structurales dans l'ouest de la Cordillère Bétique (Espagne) ont permis d'identifier deux couloirs décrochants, qui ont accommodés le mouvement progressif vers l'ouest du domaine Alboran, et les modes de déformations dans la croûte et le manteau (péridotites de Ronda) durant une phase d'amincissement lithosphérique intense. De nouvelles données géochronologiques précisent l'âge des stades de l'évolution tectonique de l'arc de Gibraltar : 'exhumation du manteau avant 22.5 Ma et le chevauchement vers l'ouest à partir de 20 Ma

The thesis focuses on the Western Betics, which is characterized by two major thrusts: 1/ the Internal/External Zone Boundary limits the internal metamorphic domain (Alboran Domain) from the fold-and-thrust belts inthe External Zone, and 2/ the Ronda Peridotites Thrust allows the juxtaposition of a hyperstretched lithosphere with large bodies of sub-continental mantle rocks on top of upper crustal rocks. First part: New structural data are presented and used to argue for two Lower Miocene E-W-trending strike-slip corridors played a major role in the deformation pattern of the Alboran Domain, in which E-W dextral strike-slip faults, N60°-trending thrusts and N140°-trending normal faults developed simultaneously during dextral strike-slip simple shear. The inferred continuous westward translation of the Alboran Domain is accommodated by a major E-W-trending lateral ramp (strike-slip) and a N60°-trending frontal thrust. At lithosphere-scale, we interpret the observed deformation pattern as the upper-plate expression of a lateral slab tear and of its westward propagation since Lower Miocene. The crustal emplacement of the Ronda Peridotites occurred at the onset of this westward motion. Second part: New structural data together with Ar-Ar ages serve to document the changes in deformation processes that accommodate the progressive necking of a continental lithosphere. We identify three main successive steps. First, a mid-crustal shear zone and a crust-mantle shear zone accommodate ductile crust thinning and ascent of the sub-continental mantle. The shear zones act synchronously but with opposite senses of shear, top-to-W and top-to-E respectively in the crust-mantle extensional shear zone, and at the brittle-ductiletransition in the crust. Second, hyper-stretching localizes in the neck, leading to an almost disappearance of the ductile crust and to crustal stretching values larger than 2000%, and bringing the upper crust into contact with the subcontinental mantle, each of them with theiralready acquired opposite senses of shear. Finally, high-angle normal faulting, dated by 40Ar-39Ar step-heating method on muscovite at ca. 21 Ma, cut through the Moho, where the ductile crust almost disappear and related block tilting ends the full exhumation of mantle in the zone of localized stretching. Third part: New geochronological data precisely constrain the transition from rifting to thrusting. Using U-Pb LA-ICP-MS dating, we identify two distinct episodes of crustal melting associated with two large-scale tectonic contacts that bound the Ronda Peridotites. The first episode of partial melting within the HT foliation at ca. 22.5 Ma is related to the extreme thinning of the continental crust and to mantle exhumation. The second episode of crustal melting at ca. 20 Ma, marked by leucocratic granite dikes, is related to the thrust emplacement of the section of thinned and hot continental lithosphere on top of crustal rocks.