Thèse soutenue

Altérations fonctionnelle et immunitaire de l’intestin humain dans l’obésité

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Auteur / Autrice : Milena Monteiro-Sepulveda
Direction : Edith Brot-Laroche
Type : Thèse de doctorat
Discipline(s) : Physiologie et physiopathologie
Date : Soutenance en 2013
Etablissement(s) : Paris 6

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Résumé

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The intestinal epithelium has a determinant role in glucose homeostasis ensuring food digestion, nutrient absorption and gut-hormone release in response to dietary compounds. GLUT2, a high-capacity sugar transporter, is transiently recruited into the apical membrane of enterocytes in response to a sugar-rich meal. The consequent raise of serum insulin triggers GLUT2 internalization into the enterocytes, a mechanism that is lost in diabetic- or diet-induced insulin-resistant rodents. I could demonstrate an pathologic permanent apical GLUT2 location in the jejunum of morbidly obese subjects, who exhibit insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes. This apical GLUT2 location favors a bidirectional glucose transepithelial exchange. GLUT2 can also accumulate in enterocyte endosomes of obese subjects consuming a high-fat low-carbohydrate diet. Altered GLUT2 locations in enterocytes sign intestinal adaptations in human obesity (Diabetes J 2011). Obesity is a low-grade inflammatory disease, affecting the insulin sensitivity of many organs. Little is known about intestinal immunity in human obesity. I contributed to show that in obesity the intestinal mucosa is hypertrophic and contains an increased number of innate and adaptive immune cells. These modifications are associated to altered bioclinical parameters. The phenotype of jejunal T cell was determined in the epithelium and lamina propria by flow cytometry and by gene expression. The activity of T cell from obese, but not lean subjects impairs insulin sensitivity of Caco-2/TC7 enterocytes (2 manuscripts in preparation). Results show that immune adaptations of the small intestine lead to impaired insulin sensitivity of enterocytes and thereby may initiate the loss of GLUT2 trafficking, altering intestinal absorptive function in obesity.