Thèse de doctorat en Sciences économiques
Sous la direction de Gérard de Bernis.
Soutenue en 1997
à l'Université Pierre Mendès France (Grenoble ; 1990-2015) .
Dans le cours du xixe siecle, le systeme bancaire francais a subi des evolutions profondes. Deux en particuliers doivent etre retenues. D'une part les banques se sont largement diffusees, touchant des domaines de plus en plus nombreux. D'autre part, elles se sont progressivement organisees en un systeme coherent autour de la banque de france. La banque de france est ainsi devenue le pivot du systeme bancaire, devant veiller a la stabilite de l'ensemble et a la capacite du systeme a satisfaire les besoins de financement de l'economie. Ces mutations importantes, qui se sont produites au moment meme ou la production capitaliste s'imposait dans le pays, conduisent a s'interroger sur la place exacte tenue par le systeme bancaire en economie capitaliste. Les explications traditionnelles proposees dans la lignee des travaux de gurley et shaw, reposant sur la seule fonction d'intermediation financiere, restent insatisfaisantes. Il est propose ici d'envisager une autre fonction bancaire se situant en amont de la production et consistant en l'anticipation du produit a venir. Par cette anticipation, les banques acceptent de mettre a la disposition des capitalistes l'argent necessaire au paiement des salaires. Elles rendent ainsi possible la mise en oeuvre de la production projetee. Cette fonction de credit apparait comme essentielle au systeme capitaliste. L'integration monetaire a lieu des l'origine de la production. Monnaie, argent (qui sont ici distingues : la premiere etant un moyen de denombrement, le second la materialisation de droits sur le produit social) et production s'organisent en un tout indissociable.
Hierarchic banking system's contribution to production finance in capitalist system. An essay on currency, money and bank
During the xixth century the french banking system underwent considerable changes. Two of these changes should in particular be pointed out. Firstly, banks grew in number and importance getting involved in more and more numerous sectors. Secondly, banks gradually became part of a coherent system organised around the banque de france. The banque de france thus emerged as the pivoting point of the banking system with the responsibility of seeing to the stability of the entire system as well as the capacity of the system to cater to the needs in financing of the economy. These mutations, which occurred just when the capitalist system of production became dominant within the country, has led to an analysis of the exact role played by the banking system in a capitalist economy. The traditional explanations in line with the works of gurley and shaw, which are based merely on the function of financial intermediary, remain unsatisfactory. In this thesis a different function of the banking system is put forward, a function in which banks intervene before the phase of production and play a role in anticipating the product to come. Involved in the anticipation phase, banks accept to advance in favor of the capitalists the money needed to pay wages, thereby making it possible to carry out the planned production. The function of advancing money appears to be essential in the capitalist system. The integration of money as such occurs when production begins. Currency, money (which are here considered as different : the first being a means of counting, the second the materialisation of the rights held on a social product) together with production become an indissociable entity.