Thèse de doctorat en Lettres
Sous la direction de Paule Monique Vernes.
Soutenue en 1997
à Aix-Marseille 1 .
Le probleme de la liberte de la pensee en general, et plus particulierement face a la verite, que nous pouvons appeler liberte speculative, ne trouve pas d'explication satisfaisante chez descartes et spinoza, representants des efforts de la raison raisonnante a l'inclure dans un systeme de la rationalite. Tous deux le comprennent a l'interieur d'ontologies differentes, le confrontent a des theories de la verite egalement differentes. Car la liberte speculative se manifeste bien face au couple verite - erreur : le faux l'empeche, est source de contrainte, seule la verite fournit le sentiment de liberte le plus haut pour descartes, ou est purement et simplement synonyme de liberte pour spinoza. Mais d'un cote, il nous semble impossible de parler de liberte si l'on ne peut refuser le vrai, s'il s'impose necessairement en nous. Si descartes parvient a sauvegarder l'experience du libre arbitre, affirmant la possibilite pour l'individu de penser a ce qu'il veut et ce qu'il veut d'une idee vraie, c'est au prix de contradictions internes a son systeme quant aux rapports liberte - transparence de la pensee, liberte - verite, liberte - omniscience divine. Spinoza evite ces contradictions en refusant le libre arbitre a partir de la critique systematique de ses fondements, mais affirme une libre necessite qui n'est plus reellement une liberte, consistant en une necessite interne de type mathematique, et la place dans un troisieme genre de connaissance finalement inaccessible.
Speculative freedom according to descartes and spinoza
The problem of freedom of thought in general, and more particulary in front of truth, which can be called speculative truth, does not find a satisfying explanation with descartes and spinoza, the representatives of the efforts from reasoning reason to include the problem of freedom of thought in a system of rationality. Both philosophers include it inside different ontologies, confront it to theories of truth which are different as well. For, speculative truth indeed, manifests itself in front of the couple truth - error : falsehood prevents it, it a source of constraint, truth only provides the highest feeling of freedom for descartes, or is merely synonymous with freedom for spinoza. But, on the other hand, it seems impossible for us to speak about freedom if we connot refuse what is true, if it necessarily asserts itself into us. If descartes manages to safeguard the experience of free - will while affirming the possibility for the individual to think of whatever he wants, and to think whatever he wants about a true idea, it is then at the expenses of contradictions inner to his system as far as the following relationships are concerned : freedom - transparency of thought, freedom - truth, freedom - divine conscience. Spinoza avoids these contradictions by refusing free - will, from the systematic criticism of its foundations, but affirms a free necessity wich is no longer really a freedom, consisting in an inner necessity of the mathematical type, and assigns it in a third genre of knowledge, inaccessible in the end.