Thèse de doctorat en Études anglaises
Sous la direction de Lucien Carrive.
Soutenue en 1991
à Paris 3 .
En 1956, le juif, tel quele represente shylock, est un usurier satanique, stereotype legue par la tradition religieuse et litteraure medievale. L'essor des etudes hebraiques et bibliques culmine cependant en 1611 avec la parution de la "version autorisee" de la bible. L'interet des puritains pour les propheties apocalyptiques grandit alors avec l'apparition de recits fantastiques concernant les dix tribus perdues d'israel dont le retour miraculeux a jerusalem doit annoncer la restauration du peuple exile et la redemption de l'humanite. Messianisme juif et millenarisme prostant partatent ainsi la meme attente d'un evenement juge imminent. Cette esperance est exprimee par menasseh ben israel au nom de ses freres dont il demande a cromwell la readmission en angleterre. Des theologiens plaident aussi pour l'appel des juifs dont la conversion haterait la parousie. Mais henry finch sera le premier a promouvoir une restauration politique des juifs en palestine. Favorable a la requete de menasseh ben israel, cromwell reunit en 1655 une conference a whitehall pour examiner la question, suscitant ainsi un debat passionne. Aucune decision officielle n'est prise, mais la readmission devient effective pour la petite communaute marrane de londres. La presence du judaisme se manifeste egalement avec eclat dans la litterature comme le montre l'oeuvre de milton et surtout son "paradis perdu' (1667).
The RESTORATION OF ISRAEL IN ENGLISH THOUGHT (1596-1667)
In 1596, the jew, as represented through shylock, was a satanic usurer, a stereotype inherited from the medieval religious and literary tradition. However the development of hebraic and biblical studies culminated in the publication of the "authorized version" of the bible in 1611. The puritans' keen interest in apocalytic prophecies then increased with the circulation of fantastic reports about the lost ten tribesof israel whose miraculous return to jerusalem was to herald the exiled nation's restoration and mankind's redemption. Jewish messianism and protestant millenarianism thus shared the same longing for an event most thinkers deemed imminent. Such a hope was expressed by menasseh ben israel on behalf of his brethren whose readmission to england he requested from cromwell. Besides, numerous theologians argued for the calling of the jews whose conversion would hasten the second coming of christ. But henry finch was the first writer to promote a political restoration of the jews to palestine. Favouring menasseh ben israel's petition, cromwell convened a conference at whitehall in 1655 to consider the question, thus rousing a fierce debate. Though no official decision was taken, readmission became effective for the small london marrano community. The presence of judaism was even more obvious in literature, especially in milton's works and his "paradise lost" (1667).