Thèse soutenue

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Auteur / Autrice : Romain Plateaux
Direction : Françoise BergeratBernard Mercier de Lépinay
Type : Thèse de doctorat
Discipline(s) : Sciences de l'univers
Date : Soutenance en 2012
Etablissement(s) : Nice
Ecole(s) doctorale(s) : École doctorale Sciences fondamentales et appliquées (Nice ; 2000-....)

Mots clés

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Résumé

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Iceland is an emerged part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge caused by the superposition of the spreading ridge axis and the Icelandic hotspot. This peculiar situation gives rise of the two interactions between the tectonic and volcanic processes, intimately linked in such to a region. On the Earth’s surface, these interactions are expressed by volcano-tectonic systems made of central volcanoes, long eruptive and non-eruptive fissures and faults. Although the volcano-tectonic environment has come to be well understood in the last three decades, the orientation and relative magnitude of the crustal stresses as well as fractures geometry in space and time is poorly documented. The central part of Iceland is located within the East Volcanic Zone where the youngest and most active volcanic systems are present. Among those systems, the Bardabunga-Veidivötn, the Gŕ́imsvötn-Laki and the Kverkhnj́ukar are especially interesting because at the surface thy highlight numerous fractures (reaching a few kilometers in length), important seismic activity is present (with occurrence of recent dykes); and their continuity in the off-rift zone allows assessment of the ancient brittle structures. It also contains the largest glacier in Europe : the Vatnajökull (recovering part of the geological structures). Finally, the apex of the Icelandic hotspot is underlying the crust. For reasons of glacier overlapping as well as tricky access in the field, the central part of Iceland is poorly documented in terms of tectonic analysis. The aim of this work is to characterize the stress field in space and time (from surface to depth) in order to better understands the tectonic and volcanic interactions. Using a collection of focal mechanisms (in the active rift zone) and of fault slip date (in the off-rift zone) the slip vector can be inverted for inferring the orientations and the relative magnitude of the stresses. At the surface photogrammetry techniques are used for inferring the fracturing geometry and mechanisms in the active rift zone. The presence of the glacier might induce a perturbation on the volcano-tectonic processes. To do so, we divided the central part of Iceland into three sub-zones : (i) the rift at the southwest part of the glacier, (ii) the rift at the northeast part of the glacier and (iii) the rift beneath the glacier. The comparison between the active rift and off-rift zones will allow the evaluation of the volcano-tectonic processes in space and time. This thesis is composed of three main parts. The first one is constituted of two chapters including (i) the state of the art of the geodynamics of Iceland and (ii) on methods used in this work. The second part is divided into three chapters corresponding to the different sub-zones mentioned above. The last part is a general discussion and synthesis from different analyses carried out in each area, and finally a conclusion.