Des certitudes et de l'imprévisible en urbanisme : l'habitat provisoire à Brest, 1945-1975

On assertions and the unforeseeable in town planning. Temporary housing in brest. 1945-1975

• Auteur / Autrice : Françoise Rouxel
• Direction : Jacques Dreyfus
• Type : Thèse de doctorat
• Discipline(s) : Urbanisme
• Date : Soutenance en 1993
• Etablissement(s) : Grenoble 2

Mots clés

Mots clés contrôlés

Politique urbaine

Mots clés libres

Geographie

Geographie urbaine

France. Brest

Urbanisme

Habitat urbain

Relogement

Résumé

La reconstitution de l histoire de cites de baraques edifiees a brest, au lendemain de la destruction de la ville en 1944, qui abritaient en 1957 plus de 20. 000 habitants, et qui perdurerent jusqu a la demolition de la derniere cite en 1975, constitue le terrain de la recherche centree sur les rapports entre les habitants et les institutions. L existence de cites de baraques, etroitement liee aux politiques d urbanisme se succedant depuis 1945, temoigne de la dissonance entre les pratiques des habitants ayant reinvente un confort social dans les cites de baraques et les logiques et actions des institutions tendant a restructurer l espace social de la ville a partir d une division operee entre les categories d habitants selon des criteres normatifs. L analyse de l evolution des cites de baraques ment en evidence des phases d ordre et de desordre qui resultent d une succession d ecarts et de contradictions entre les habitants et les institutions dont les relations s inscrivent dans une dynamique de distorsion. Celle-ci semble ressortir ainsi d une absence de communication permanente entre les habitants et les institutions, mais aussi de leurs interactions, s operant par le biais, notamment, de paradoxes. Cette lecture d el histoire des cites d habitat provisoire refute un certain nombre de certitudes et, au contraire du futur determine que fut la reconstruction defintive, plaide pour l imprevisible car il se rapproche du possible.

Temporary housing estates were built in brest shortly after the town was liberated in 1945. Accomodating more than 20. 000 inhabitants in 1957. They remained as such till 1975 when the last estate was demolished. Investigations made on the history of these temporary housing estates give the matter to the present research. We will focus on the relationship between the inhabitants and the authorities. The existence of the temporary housing estates had been closely related to the successive political choices made since 1945 in terme of town planning. It proves the dissonance between the inhabitants'way of leaving versus the logic shown as well as the actions carried out by the authorities. The inhabitants had invented a new social comfort in the barrak estates. The authorities tried to re-build a socail space in town by making a division between categories of inhabitants according to criteria based on the process of standardization. The analysis of the barrak estates'evolution emphasizes phases of order and disorder. These phases were a consequence of quite a few divergences and discrepancies between the inhabitants and the authorities. Their relationship could be desribed as suffering from a distortion phenomenon. This"distorted" relationship seems to be the result of a lack in communication between the inhabitants and the autorhities. It can also be due to the interactions mainly operating through paradoxes. The vision of the history of the temporary housing estates makes objection to quite a number