Le clos et l'ouvert selon bergson

• Auteur / Autrice : BINTY SAID ADIJA
• Direction : Pierre Magnard
• Type : Thèse de doctorat
• Discipline(s) : Philosophie
• Date : Soutenance en 1987
• Etablissement(s) : Poitiers

Résumé

Parti de la philosophie de spencer, bergson decouvre la duree, c'est a-dire la mobilite et la continuite indivisee. Le changement est la rea lite essentielle de l'univers et de l'ame humaine. L'etude de la vie interieure va servir de fil conducteur aux problemes metaphysiques. La philosophie est "une psychologie qui se prolonge en metaphysique". Bergson nous invite a nous debarrasser des illusions produites par l'habitude, l'influence du langage; en un mot, il faut reagir contre le mecanisme d'une intelligence essentiellement utilitaire, car la philosophie ainsi comprise est un retour conscient aux donnees de l'experience interieure. De la distinction de la vraie duree et du temps homogene, il ressort que l'homme est libre et createur, mais sa volonte creatrice est constamment contrariee par l'instinct de conservation. C'est dans cette oscillation entre le clos et l'ouvert que va se faire le progres. La vision bergsonienne du monde est celle d'une marche vers la liberation. Il est possible de lever les obstacles imposees par la condition humaine en faisant appel aux etres privilegies tels que les heros et les saints. Ce depassement signifie que nous sommes convies a nous liberer de la necessite d'etre une espece pour etre pleinement homme, autrement dit, operer un bond hors de la nature pour etre totalement libre. La marche vers la liberation qui est une fusion avec le principe ne peut etre realisee qu'a travers la revolution la plus necessaire et la plus difficile, telle que la conquete du moi profond, le passage de la morale close a la morale ouverte, de la cite close a la cite ouverte.

Starting from spencer's philosophy, bergson discovered the "duration", that is the mobility and the undivided continuity. The change is the essential reality of the universe and the human's soul. The study of the inside's life will help us to understand the metaphysical problems. The philosophy is " the psychology going toward metaphysics ". Bergson invite us to get rid of the illusions created by the habit and the language's influence. Summarily, we have to react against the mechanism of an essential and useful cleverness, because the philosophy understood by this way is a conscious return to the problem of our interior's experience. From the difference between the right "duration" and the homogeneous or the usual time, we can say that the human is free and creative; but his creative wish and capacity is always disturbed by the instinct of conservation. The progress will be effective within the oscillation between the "closed" philosophy and the "opened" philosophy. Bergson's vision of the world is a way leading to the liberation. It's possible to lift the obstacles imposed by the human's condition, by asking for a help from uncommon persons such as heros and saints. This overtaking means that we are invited to set ourselves completely free and to be really a human, not only one of species existing in the world. In another word, to jump out of the nature and to be completely free. The progress to the liberation which is a fusion with the principle, can be realized only through the most difficult and necessary revolution, such as the conquest of oneself deeply, the passage from the "closed" morals to the "opened" morals, from the "closed" to the "opened" city.