Hepatitis B is a widely spread liver disease which causes a heavy burden for human health, with 257 millions of people affected by chronic infection and about 780,000 deaths per year. Yet, infected patients can not be completely cured by current treatments using notably nucleos(t)ide analogues and interferons. In order to achieve the goal of the World Health Assembly (WHA), who wishes to eliminate hepatitis B by 2030, new therapies need to be developed. Given its critical role for the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) life cycle, the core protein (Cp) is today one of the antiviral targets with the highest potential. Our research focuses on the characterization of HBV capsids in different conformational states using biochemistry and solid-state NMR, aiming at revealing their precise conformation under different conditions, including the interaction of capsids with antivirals, and the correlation between capsid conformation and viral maturation. For sample preparation, both a bacterial expression system and a wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system have been established in the laboratory to produce HBV capsids, and protocols to disassemble and reassemble capsids with different nucleic acids have been implemented. Both capsids preformed in E. coli and capsids reassembled in vitro were addressed to NMR studies. Different capsids forms include the truncated versions Cp140 and Cp149, the full length protein Cp183, the phosphorylated P-Cp183 and mutant forms. First, we have prepared samples for the sequential assignment of the protein using solid-state NMR. The use of carbon-13 detection asks for several tens of milligrams of sample, which were produced using labeled isotopes and bacterial expression in minimal media. Sequential assignments were performed using the truncated capsid Cp149, which showed highly similar spectra to Cp183. This sample was also used to identify conformational differences between the four different monomers in the capsid, which are due to the T=4 icosahedral symmetry. Then, the main body of the thesis is the investigation and comparison of a variety of different capsid forms, including Cp183, P-Cp183, Cp149, Cp140, another truncated form resulting in mainly T=3 icosahedral assemblies, and Cp140 C61A and Cp183 F97L mutants. We investigated all samples in both the E. coli-produced and reassembled forms, which needs for the full-length protein the presence of nucleic acids, of which we tested several, including the viral pregenomic RNA. We investigated different symmetries, as well as oxidation states of the capsid, and compared the differences via chemical shift perturbations observed in NMR spectra. We reported in a site-specific manner the major conformational changes observed between the different preparations. Proton-detected solid-state NMR at 100 kHz has recently emerged as a tool for analyzing proteins with the need of less sample amount. We have applied this strategy to the analysis of the Cp149 capsids, in order to obtain sequential assignments of the amide proton resonances. For this, deuteration of the protein in bacteria was used as well, needing adaptation of sample preparation protocols. Proton detection can be successfully combined with cell-free protein synthesis, which gives low yields compared to bacterial expression. This approach is of potential interest to analyze capsid assembly modulation induced by the presence of drugs. While we have started in the framework of this thesis to analyze the capsid in presence of different capsid assembly modulators by carbon-13 detected NMR on E. coli and reassembled capsids (preliminary results not reported here), proton detection opens the way to an analysis of the impact of capsid modulation directly on the exit of the core proteins from the ribosome, on assembly. We showed that cell-free expression combined with proton-detection solid-state NMR can be used to analyze capsid chemical shifts, and thus in future work the conformational modulations