Thèse soutenue

Fusion laser de poudres métalliques : Maîtrise du procédé pour la fabrication directe de pièces mécaniques

FR  |  
EN
Auteur / Autrice : Maria Averyanova
Direction : Philippe Bertrand
Type : Thèse de doctorat
Discipline(s) : Génie des procédés
Date : Soutenance en 2011
Etablissement(s) : Ecole nationale d'ingénieurs (Saint-Etienne ; 1961-....)

Mots clés

FR

Résumé

FR  |  
EN

The study conducted in the frame of this thesis focuses on mastering of the process of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) throughout the production line: from the selection of the initial metal powder till the final control of properties (mechanical, microstructure, etc. . ). Selective Laser Melting is a complex innovative manufacturing process that requires multidisciplinary knowledge in the field of Powder Metallurgy, Process Engineering, Mechanics, Optics / Photonics, etc. From a scientific point of view, it is therefore necessary to adjust and optimize a large number of input process parameters, such as characteristics of the powder material, the machine parameters, etc. , to target a set of output parameters, to identify the influence of these input parameters and to rank them. Firstly, the influence of the nature of the powder (for 2 families of materials: 17-4 PH martensitic stainless steel and Co-Cr alloy) and its properties on the SLM process and final parts quality has been studied. Applying a material with complex metallurgy, stainless steel 17-4PH, the impact of powder key chemical elements on the properties and microstructure of the final 3D part manufactured by SLM was shown. The powder properties that encourage the manufacture of dense parts were found and formulated. Secondly, according to the inherent difficulty of many parameters affecting the process, a parametric search based on the use of methods of design of experiments was performed. A link between the geometry of the weld track and function issued from the physical parameters of the process, compared to operating parameters, was identified. Thus, a stability criterion of the weld track has been proposed. It lets us to determine quickly the optimal process parameters window, and in the case of the objective function chosen in this work, namely a maximum density, it can make 3D objects with a porosity rate below 1%. The values of mechanical properties of tensile specimens of 17-4 PH powder manufactured by SLM are the same order of magnitude as the wrought material 17-4 PH elaborated by conventional methods. Finally, it was shown that using an appropriate heat treatment the microstructure can be homogenized and mechanical properties can be improved. This work led ultimately to complete the industrialization of SLM process in two specific cases: the manufacture of dental bridges and of extrusion dies.