Isla misations et christianisations dans le peloponnese (1715-ca. 1832)

Conversions to islam and christianity in the peloponnese (1715-ca. 1832)

• Auteur / Autrice : GEORGIOS NIKOLAOU
• Direction : Astérios Argyriou
• Type : Thèse de doctorat
• Discipline(s) : Sciences des religions
• Date : Soutenance en 1997
• Etablissement(s) : Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008)

Résumé

Ce travail vise a etudier les conversions a l'islam dans le peloponnese durant la seconde domination ottomane (1715-1821) et la guerre d'independance (1821-ca. 1832), et les conversions au christianisme lors de cette derniere periode, qui precede la creation de l'etat neo-hellenique. Mais la disparition des siccils des tribunaux turcs du peloponnese empeche une etude plus approfondie des islamisations. Pour comprendre les conversions a l'islam apres 1715, nous voyons d'abord rapidement le meme phenomene durant la premiere domination ottomane (1460-1685/87), ainsi que les reconversions au christianisme (apres 1685/87) d'individus islamises auparavant, surtout dans la contree de gastouni. Apres 1715, de nouvelles islamisations ont lieu, bouleversant la composition ethnique et religieuse du peloponnese. En 1716, quelque 1700 chretiens doivent embrasser l'islam dans le district de gastouni, car ils sont vus par l'administration turque comme des renegats de l'islam. Les conditions economiques difficiles, entre autres, poussent nombre de chretiens a adherer a l'islam jusqu'en 1770. Apres cette annee-la, suite a l'echec de l'insurrection de 1770, les islamisations sont plus frequentes dans deux foyers principaux : peloponnese du sud-est et du nord-ouest. Plusieurs individus ne sont islamises que superficiellement. Le syncretisme religieux et l'osmose, dus a la longue cohabitation de deux peuples, aux mariages entre chretiennes et turcs, caracterisent la vie des convertis. Mais l'eglise et la solidarite communale empechent les conversions a l'islam de prendre de trop grandes proportions. Apres 1821 et jusqu'a 1832 environ, des musulmans se font chretiens a cause des conditions de la guerre mais aussi de leur origine chretienne ou semi-chretienne. A la meme periode sont islamises, dans le peloponnese, en egypte ou ailleurs, des peloponnesiens captures apres 1821, surtout lors de la campagne d'ibrahim pacha dans cette region (1825-1828).

The objective of this work is to study the conversions to islam in the peloponnese during the second ottoman rule (1715-1821) and the independence war, and the conversions to christianity during this period which precedes the creation of the modern greek state. But disappearance of the siccils of the peloponnese makes this study of islamisations difficult. To understand conversions to islam after 1715, we first had to see the same phenomenon during the first ottoman rule (1460-1685/87), as well as conversions to christianity (after 1685/87) of people who had been islamised before, especially in the region of gastuni. After 1715, new islamisations occur, which change the religious and ethnical composition of the peloponnese. In 1716, some christians have to become moslems, because they are considered as renegades by the turkish administration. Economic difficulties too were a good reason why christians become moslems untim 1770. After 1770, and as a consequence of repressed insurrection of 1770, islamisations become more frequent in north-western and in south-eastern peloponnese. Religious syncretism and mutual influence are the product of the long cohabitation between two populations and the result of marriages between christian women and turkish men, and are characteristic of the life of converts. Church and communal solidarity prevent from much more conversions to islam. After 1821 and until 1832 some moslems become christians because of the war and because of their christian or half-christian origin. On the same time, in peloponnese, in egypt and elsewhere, peloponnesian people who were captured by ibrahim pacha after 1821 are islamised.